Digital Research in the Humanities: Community, Collaboration, and Intellectual Technologies

Principles

Computers are, in principle, no less well suited to the purposes of humanists than to the purposes of scientists.

Networks are more important than computers, people are more important than networks.

In communication, bandwidth is often critical: Face-to-face communication is still the highest bandwidth available.

On the other hand, for some purposes, low-bandwidth communication may actually be preferable.

The chance encounter is a critical element of research and discovery. Physical space and other real-time systems promote such encounters (even more effectively than bad search tools).

The major change wrought by the internet in the academic disciplines of the humanities will, I think, be the shift from individual and cooperative work to collaborative work.

Community

Is a community simply "Lots of people?"

Networks that work are communities of interest

Communities are formed by a combination of social and material forces

It's possible (but not inevitable) that technological change will reorganize communities (e.g., the highway system, the telephone)

Although we talk a lot about virtual communities these days, communities still function best when they share a physical location.

Collaboration

"An intricate web or wires that cuddle the planet" (Day et al., "Creating a Virtual Academic Community" in Harrison and Stephen)

Historically, most humanities research has not been collaborative (the exceptions: edited collections, festschrift, and reference works)

Historically, most humanities research has been cooperative.

Collaborative Research: "a group of researchers with various backgrounds and interests...jointly identify a common research theme or scientific problem, and carry out coordinated actions in order to create new knowledge in relation to the research question" (Sanderson, "Cooperative and Collaborative Research" in Harrison and Stephen)

Cooperative Research: "an individual or group provides another with useful information or data, although little other discussion is held in relation to the data" (Sanderson, ibid.)

For either kind of research, standards are a critical issue--data and communication standards, as well as intellectual standards

The presence of tools for collaboration is not enough to make people use those tools: they have to be motivated, and the tools have to be the best available for the purpose. Sanderson describes the installation of a video-conferencing system for a research group in Atmospheric Physics: "There was initial enthusiasm for the project, and several researchers indicated interest in using the system.... However, a few months after these tests, none of the sites had yet used the system to conduct any work-oriented discussions." On the other hand, they used email extensively.

If the internet does produce a shift in humanities research from cooperative to collaborative work, it will be because the problems you can tackle with the computer are larger and more complex, and because tackling them often requires you to cooperate in substantial and coordinated ways with people who know things you don't.